The world view of
Edward Goldsmith, who was one of the deepest of
the deep ecologists, sees evolution ruled by behavior designed to
maintain the stability of the whole earth biosphere, that is, the
living world together with the geological substructure. He sees
mainly a closed system. The whole is the sum of the parts.
Is the “whole” explained only as the earth's biosphere, where
we stop with the earth and circle or cycle back in the old cyclic way
of the old pagan and traditionalist religions? The old religions see
an orderly world, with order called various names, such as, R'ta, the
Tao, and the Dharma, and evolution is largely left out of this
worldview---they do not-see life evolving from the earth out into the
cosmos. Deep ecologists affirm a teleological goal to life but it is
confined to maintaining the stability of earth. Purposiveness is an
essential feature of living things, but the goal of evolving to
Godhood is not one of the goals of the deep ecologists.
Goldsmith sees natural systems actually geared toward the
avoidance of change, which brings to mind the feud between Burkean
conservatives who see change as a part of the maintenance of
conservatism, and the traditional school whose goal is stability
without change. Evolution works with both in what I call
Ordered Evolution, which is not centered solely on evolution or on order,
both are required as we evolve. Any violation of order in
traditionalist and pagan cultures calls for a strong religious
activity restoring the order and supposedly saving society. This
works in cycles to the traditionalists. While order is vital, it can
also block evolution, and often has.
What happens first, the changing parts followed by the changing
whole, or the whole changing the parts to maintain itself? It is
some of both, but the deep ecologists and traditionalist school see
only the parts changing to preserve the whole. I see the the Spirit-Will within as activating
life toward evolving to eternal representation in the world, toward
the highest success in evolution, or Godhood. We need both the whole
and the parts working in an Ordered Evolution, activated from within
but shaped by outside evolution.
J. P. Lamark said that randomness only expresses our ignorance of
causes. Scientists have often used randomness as an argument against
teleological principles. When an overall project or direction to
life in the cosmos is not seen then randomness is easier to justify.
I affirm the Promethean enterprise over the Gaian enterprise, while
still affirming the natural ecosystem of the earth. We are not bound by the
cycles of the earth even as we need to pay attention to them. To
affirm higher evolution is not to deny the importance of the natural
order. We don't want to become trapped on earth like astronauts
breathing oxygen from tubes because we cut all the trees down.
Deep ecologists prefer to think that competition yields to
cooperation when systems become more stable. We will of course need
cooperation if we are to evolve to Godhood, but cooperation does not
mean no competition, cooperation does not have to mean communism or
fascism. What we realistically require is cooperative competition,
otherwise we tend toward civil war if we try to stuff distinctly
different groups together into Marxist-like utopias, ecologically
sound or otherwise.
Diversity rises to stability for Goldsmith, but thinking forward
we see stability rising to diversity again, just as evolution has
continually moved from species to subspecies, and on to new species
and subspecies. The organizing principle of nature for me is
evolution. Maintaining earth's equilibrium is important but only a
part of the picture. Competition does not stop when we move beyond
“pioneer conditions” and end solely in cooperation. The best we
can hope for, and should hope for, is cooperative competition.
Deep ecologists want education to be a matter of socialization, not
unlike the Marxists. But education should also be the teaching of
evolution. Reintegrating with actual human nature means being kin-centered,
gender defined, age-grading, heterosexual marriage-making,
hierarchical, ethnocentric, even xenophobic, and religious-making,
with group-selection as the primary unit of selection. Our
greatest problem is to reintegrate with actual human nature and the
natural world.
It is not a natural fallacy to argue from “is” to “ought”
as Goldsmith brilliantly points out. What we are, what nature is, is
how we behave and therefore how we ought to behave. “Ought" from
“is” is usually rejected because “is” does not fit with with
the political correctness of the day. Why is arguing from “is
not” to “ought” better than arguing from is to ought?
We do not evolve solely to maintain the order of the biosphere, as
the deep ecologists believe, evolution seeks Godhood beyond our
biosphere, even as we try to work in harmony with the biosphere.